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24 24" class="icon minus" data-v-2976c796><path d="M19,2H5C3.3,2,2,3.3,2,5v14c0,1.7,1.3,3,3,3h14c1.7,0,3-1.3,3-3V5C22,3.3,20.7,2,19,2zM20,19c0,0.6-0.4,1-1,1H5c-0.6,0-1-0.4-1-1V5c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1h14c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1V19z"></path><path d="M16,11H8c-0.6,0-1,0.4-1,1s0.4,1,1,1h8c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1S16.6,11,16,11z"></path></svg><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="icon plus" data-v-2976c796><path d="M19,2H5C3.3,2,2,3.3,2,5v14c0,1.7,1.3,3,3,3h14c1.7,0,3-1.3,3-3V5C22,3.3,20.7,2,19,2z M20,19c0,0.6-0.4,1-1,1H5c-0.6,0-1-0.4-1-1V5c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1h14c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1V19z"></path><path d="M16,11h-3V8c0-0.6-0.4-1-1-1s-1,0.4-1,1v3H8c-0.6,0-1,0.4-1,1s0.4,1,1,1h3v3c0,0.6,0.4,1,1,1s1-0.4,1-1v-3h3c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1S16.6,11,16,11z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-2976c796><!--[--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/01.%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>01.基础入门</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/02.%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>02.基础语法</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/03.%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>03.指针与内存分配</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/04.%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>04.程序结构和异常处理</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/05.%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>05.数据结构与泛型</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/06.trait%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>06.trait与生命周期</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/07.%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>07.编写测试</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/08.%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>08.构建命令行程序</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/09.%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>09.闭包与迭代器</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/10.%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>10.发布项目</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/11.%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>11.智能指针</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/12.%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>12.并发</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/13.%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>13.面向对象</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/14.%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8Rust.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>14.不安全Rust</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/15.%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>15.高级特性</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/16.%E6%89%8B%E5%86%99web%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E6%B1%A0.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>16.手写web服务器和线程池</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rust/17.rust%E5%BC%82%E6%AD%A5%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>17.rust异步编程</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-f332cb62><section class="VPSidebarGroup collapsible" data-v-f332cb62 data-v-2976c796><div class="title" role="button" data-v-2976c796><h2 class="title-text" data-v-2976c796>rustweb</h2><div class="action" data-v-2976c796><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="icon minus" data-v-2976c796><path 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server</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/02.Actix.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>02.Actix</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link active" href="/articles/rustweb/03.%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>03.连接数据库</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/04.%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>04.错误处理</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/05.%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%87%8D%E6%9E%84.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>05.完整项目重构</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/06.%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E7%AB%AFweb%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>06.服务器端web应用</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/07.WebAssembly.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>07.WebAssembly</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--[--><a class="VPLink link link" href="/articles/rustweb/08.%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83.html" style="padding-left:0px;" data-v-2cfe069a data-v-3c355974><!--[--><span class="link-text" data-v-2cfe069a>08.发布</span><!--]--><!----></a><!----><!--]--><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-c6a644e1 data-v-c95df128><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-c95df128 data-v-37ebe389><div class="container" data-v-37ebe389><div class="aside" data-v-37ebe389><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-37ebe389></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-37ebe389><div class="aside-content" data-v-37ebe389><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-37ebe389 data-v-afc4c1a1><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><div class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-afc4c1a1 data-v-2865c0b0><div class="content" data-v-2865c0b0><div class="outline-marker" data-v-2865c0b0></div><div class="outline-title" data-v-2865c0b0>On this page</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-2865c0b0><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-2865c0b0> Table of Contents for current page </span><ul class="root" data-v-2865c0b0 data-v-1188541a><!--[--><!--]--></ul></nav></div></div><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-afc4c1a1></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-37ebe389><div class="content-container" data-v-37ebe389><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-37ebe389><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _articles_rustweb_03_%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" data-v-37ebe389><div><h1 id="rust-web入门（三）：连接数据库" tabindex="-1">Rust Web入门（三）：连接数据库 <a class="header-anchor" href="#rust-web入门（三）：连接数据库" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h1><p>本教程笔记来自 杨旭老师的 rust web 全栈教程，链接如下：</p><p><a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1RP4y1G7KF?p=1&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1RP4y1G7KF?p=1&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951</a></p><p>学习 Rust Web 需要学习 rust 的前置知识可以学习杨旭老师的另一门教程</p><p><a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1hp4y1k7SV/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1hp4y1k7SV/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951</a></p><p>今天来入门基于 rust 的 web 怎么样连接数据库：</p><h2 id="连接数据库-demo" tabindex="-1">连接数据库 demo <a class="header-anchor" href="#连接数据库-demo" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>首先我们需要在我们的本地先下载好数据库。这里以 mysql 为例（注意 ，这里的操作和杨老师的完全数据库不同，因为笔者本地只有 mysql 数据库。你也可以自行查阅资料使用其他数据库），之后我们新建一个项目，下载我们需要的依赖：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">2.6.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">4.1.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">dotenv </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.15.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">chrono </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.4.19</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">serde</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">serde </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">1.0.140</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">derive</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">sqlx </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.6.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> default_features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">false,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">runtime-tokio-rustls</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">macros</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">chrono</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>这里我们使用了一个 dotenv 这个包，他的作用就是可以在运行的时候，在 <code>.env</code> 这个包里面拿到你需要的系统变量，我们在根目录新建有一个 <code>.env</code> 文件，然后写入我们连接数据库的语句</p><div class="language-shell"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">DATABASE_URL=mysql://你的用户名:你的密码@数据库地址:数据库端口/数据库名</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>然后我们在 <a href="http://main.rs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">main.rs</a> 里调用来调用我们刚刚定义的系统变量，连接我们的数据库</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">io</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix_rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">io</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Result</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;()&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> database_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">database_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们在数据库里面新建一张表，里面存放一些信息，可以用这样的 sql 来建表：</p><div class="language-sql"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">drop</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">table</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">if</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">exists</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">create</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">table</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course (</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       id </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">serial</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">primary</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">key</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">, </span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       teacher_id </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">INT</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">not</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">null</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">name</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">varchar</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">140</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">) </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">not</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">null</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">time</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">TIMESTAMP</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">default</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">now</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">insert</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">into</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course (id, teacher_id, </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">name</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">, </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">time</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">values</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">First course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">2022-01-17 05:40:00</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">insert</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">into</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course (id, teacher_id, </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">name</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">, </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">time</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">values</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">2</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Second course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">       </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">2022-01-18 05:45:00</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&#39;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们编写 sql 语句将数据查询出来：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">io</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">derive</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Debug</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">struct</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">u64</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">String</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix_rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">io</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Result</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;()&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> database_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">database_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">println!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">db_pool is : </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">:?</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course_rows </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">query!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">select id, teacher_id, name, time from course where id = ? </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">fetch_all</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">mut</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> courses_list </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">vec!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[];</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">for</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">in</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course_rows </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        courses_list</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">push</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">})</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">println!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Courses = </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">:?</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> courses_list</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(())</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>运行我们的项目，如果看到打印出了一些数据，说明我们的连接数据库查询的 demo 成功了，之后我们将我们之前的具有接口的项目改成数据库持久化的项目</p><h2 id="用数据库改写我们的项目" tabindex="-1">用数据库改写我们的项目 <a class="header-anchor" href="#用数据库改写我们的项目" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>我们还是首先添加我们的依赖：</p><div class="language-toml"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">toml</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix-rt </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">2.6.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix-web </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">4.0.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">chrono </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.4.19</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">serde</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">dotenv </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.15.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;"># openssl = { version = &quot;0.10.38&quot;, features = [&quot;vendored&quot;] }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">serde </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">1.0.134</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">derive</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">sqlx </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">0.5.10</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> features </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">runtime-tokio-rustls</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">macros</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">chrono</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们将我们的 <a href="http://state.rs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">state.rs</a> 改写，之前我们将一个数据结构放到其中来模拟我们的数据库，现在使用真正的数据库了，所以我们不再需要这个数据结构了，但是我们需要将我们的数据库连接放在其中，因为在项目的各个位置都需要一个数据库连接：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;">// use crate::modelds::Course;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sync</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">struct</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">String</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">u32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;">    // pub courses: Mutex&lt;Vec&lt;Course&gt;&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们需要将我们的连接在项目启动的时候注入到项目中，我们来到 <a href="http://teacher-service.rs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">teacher-service.rs</a> 这个文件，先编写 .env 文件存放连接，然后读取内容，建立数据库连接，并且注入到项目中：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">main</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">io</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Result</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;()&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> database_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">database_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> shared_data </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">I&#39;m OK.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">to_string</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">});</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">move</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">||</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">App</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">app_data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">shared_data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">())</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">configure</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">general_routes</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">configure</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">course_routes</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">};</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpServer</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">bind</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">127.0.0.1:3000</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)?</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">run</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们修改我们 <a href="http://model.rs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">model.rs</a> 里的数据结构为我们数据库存储数据的结构：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> actix_web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> chrono</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::{</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">DateTime</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> Utc</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">};</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> serde</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::{</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Deserialize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> Serialize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">};</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">derive</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Deserialize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Serialize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Debug</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">struct</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Option</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">u64</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">String</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Option</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">DateTime</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Utc</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">impl</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">From</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">for</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> Self </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>之后我们编写一个 db_access.rs 文件，里面存放我们需要的数据库操作，包括增删改查，逻辑和之前编写的 demo 一致，然后我们需要将这个部分也引入到主函数中：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">crate</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">models</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::*;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::{</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">};</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_courses_for_teacher_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&amp;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Vec</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> rows </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">query!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">        FROM course</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">        WHERE teacher_id = ?</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        teacher_id</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">fetch_all</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    rows</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">iter</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">map</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(|</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">r</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">|</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">r</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> r</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> r</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">r</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">})</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">collect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_course_details_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&amp;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">query!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">            FROM course</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">            WHERE teacher_id = ? and id = ?</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        course_id</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">fetch_one</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">post_new_course_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&amp;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> data </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">query!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">INSERT INTO course ( teacher_id, name)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">            VALUES ( ?, ?)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">execute</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">query!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">        FROM course</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C3E88D;">        WHERE id = ?</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">last_insert_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">fetch_one</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">clone</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">row</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>最后，我们在 <a href="http://handlers.rs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">handlers.rs</a> 中调用刚刚编写的操作数据库的函数来进行改写：</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">super</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">db_access</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::*;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">super</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> actix_web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::{</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">};</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">health_check_handler</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">println!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">incoming for health check</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> health_check_response </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">mut</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> visit_count </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">lock</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> response </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">format!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;{}</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{}</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;"> times</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">visit_count </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">+=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">super</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">models</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">post_new_course_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">into</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_courses_for_teacher</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,)&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">try_from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> courses </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_courses_for_teacher_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">courses</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#F78C6C;">pub</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_course_detail</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)&gt;,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">-&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">try_from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course_id </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">i32</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">try_from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_course_details_db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">HttpResponse</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>你可以编写一些测试来验证你的函数是否正确，运行测试，如果你的测试全部通过，说明你的项目编写成功</p><div class="language-rust"><button class="copy"></button><span class="lang">rust</span><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">cfg</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#C792EA;">mod</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">tests</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> </span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">super</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::*;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> actix_web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">http</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">StatusCode</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;">    // use chrono::NaiveDateTime;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> sqlx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">mysql</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">use</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;"> std</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">sync</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix_rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">post_course_test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">to_string</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">});</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> course </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">Json</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Course</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            name</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">Test course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">into</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Some</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">3</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            time</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">None</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">});</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> resp </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new_course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">course</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">assert_eq!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">resp</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">status</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">StatusCode</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">OK</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix_rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_all_courses_success</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">to_string</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">});</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,)&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">((</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,));</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> resp </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_courses_for_teacher</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> teacher_id</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">assert_eq!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">resp</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">status</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">StatusCode</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">OK</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">#[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">actix_rt</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">test</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">async</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">fn</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_one_course_success</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">dotenv</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">().</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">ok</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_url </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">env</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">var</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">expect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">DATABASE_URL 没有在 .env 文件里设置</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">MySqlPoolOptions</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">connect</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(&amp;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">db_url</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">unwrap</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">();</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Data</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">AppState</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            health_check_response</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">to_string</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            visit_count</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Mutex</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">new</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">),</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">            db</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> db_pool</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">});</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">:</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&lt;(</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">usize</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)&gt;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">web</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">Path</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">from</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">((</span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#F78C6C;">1</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">));</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#C792EA;">let</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> resp </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">=</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">get_course_detail</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">app_state</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">,</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> params</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">).</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">await</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">        </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">assert_eq!</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">resp</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">.</span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">status</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(),</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> </span><span style="color:#FFCB6B;">StatusCode</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">::</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">OK</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre></div><p>现在你可以启动我们的项目，之后使用浏览器输入对应的路径来测试接口，或者使用 POSTMAN 这样的工具来测试添加数据等。</p><h2 id="说明" tabindex="-1">说明 <a class="header-anchor" href="#说明" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>本教程只是作者的学习笔记，帮助理解和记忆 RUST 开发，课程全部来源是 B站 杨旭老师的教程：</p><p><a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1RP4y1G7KF?p=1&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1RP4y1G7KF?p=1&amp;vd_source=8595fbbf160cc11a0cc07cadacf22951</a></p><p>教学 demo 可以查看大佬的 git：</p><p><a href="https://github.com/FrancisYLfan/rust_web_server_from_yang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://github.com/FrancisYLfan/rust_web_server_from_yang</a></p></div></div></main><!--[--><!--]--><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-37ebe389 data-v-a54a85bd><!----><div class="prev-next" data-v-a54a85bd><div class="pager" data-v-a54a85bd><a class="pager-link prev" href="/articles/rustweb/02.Actix.html" data-v-a54a85bd><span class="desc" data-v-a54a85bd>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-a54a85bd>02.Actix</span></a></div><div class="has-prev pager" data-v-a54a85bd><a class="pager-link next" href="/articles/rustweb/04.%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86.html" data-v-a54a85bd><span class="desc" data-v-a54a85bd>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-a54a85bd>04.错误处理</span></a></div></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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